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Which of the following cannot be included in a VisualForce page?

  1. Java

  2. JavaScript

  3. HTML

  4. Flash

The correct answer is: Java

In Visualforce, HTML, JavaScript, and Flash components can be used to enhance user interface functionality and interactions, while Java cannot be embedded directly within a Visualforce page. Java is a server-side language that runs on the Salesforce platform, but it is not designed to be included in the client-side markup that Visualforce pages generate. Visualforce is structured to utilize HTML for the layout, JavaScript for client-side interactions, and can also incorporate Flash components in certain contexts, although Flash usage is highly discouraged due to its deprecation and security concerns. By design, Visualforce facilitates the building of user interfaces by translating server-side commands and logic (potentially written in Apex, which is based on Java) into client-side code that users interact with. Consequently, it effectively integrates technologies that allow for richer web experiences while maintaining a clear boundary that does not allow for the embedding of Java directly within the markup.